The acceleration experienced by any object moving in a circular path directed towards the centre of motion.
The force acting on an object travelling in a circle that constantly either pulls or pushes the object in towards the centre of motion.
The energy in a system is never lost or destroyed. It is conserved and transformed into other types of energy.
A law stating that like electric charges repel and opposite electric charges attract with a force proportional to the product of the electric charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
A physical property of an object that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
The rate of movement of electric charge carriers from one part of a conductor to another.
The intensity of an electric field at a particular location.
Regions around an electrically charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other electrically charged particles or objects.
The capacity of electric charge carriers to do work due to their position in an electric circuit.
The production of an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage across an electrical conductor due to its dynamic interaction with a magnetic field.
Radiant energy consisting of synchronized oscillations of electric and magnetic fields or electromagnetic waves propagated at the speed of light in a vacuum.
A difference in potential that tends to give rise to an electric current, also written as emf.
A law stating that when the magnetic flux linking a circuit changes, an electromotive force (emf) is induced in the circuit, proportional to the rate of change of the flux linkage.
A push or pull between objects that may cause one or both objects to change speed and/or the direction of their motion (i.e., accelerate) or change their shape; scientists identify four fundamental forces: gravitational, electromagnetic, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force.
The net force per unit mass at a particular point in the gravitational fields.
The region of space surrounding a body in which another body experiences a force of gravitational attraction.
The first law states that all planets move about the Sun in elliptical orbits having the Sun as one of the foci; the second law states that a radius vector joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal lengths of time; the third law states that the squares of the sidereal periods of the planets are directly proportional to the cubes of their mean distance from the Sun.
States that the direction of an induced electric current always opposes the change in the circuit or the magnetic field that produces it.
A region of space near a magnet, electric current, or moving electrically charged particle in which a magnetic force acts on any other magnet, electric current, or moving electrically charged particle.
A measurement of the total magnetic field that passes through a given area; a measure of the number of magnetic field lines passing through the given area.
The strength of a magnetic field or the number of magnetic field lines per unit area.
The force of attraction between each pair of point particles that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
The force acting along an imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the surface.
The amount of time one cycle or one event takes to occur; in circular motion, period refers to the time taken to complete one revolution.
The motion of an object traveling at a constant speed in a circle.
A quantity that has both magnitude and direction; a vector may be represented pictorially by an arrowed line segment.
The rate of change of displacement of an object.
A particle with the same mass and opposite charge and/or spin to a corresponding particle, for example, a positron and an electron.
Composite subatomic particles made up of three quarks.
A strictly conserved additive quantum number of a system defined by B=1/3(n_q - n_q̅) where n_q is the number of quarks and n_q̅ is the number of antiquarks.
The radiation emitted by a black body from the conversion of thermal energy; a black body is a perfect absorber or emitter of radiation.
Regions around an electrically charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other electrically charged particles or objects.
One of the four fundamental forces; the electromagnetic force is mediated by photons.
Produced by an oscillating electric charge resulting in mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields.
A particle whose substructure is unknown.
The capacity to do mechanical work; the higher the energy content, the greater the impact when it is transformed or transferred.
In science, data that has been selected as it is considered reliable and valid and can be used to support a particular idea, conclusion, or decision; evidence gives weight or value to data by considering its credibility, acceptance, bias, status, appropriateness, and reasonableness.
A graphical representation of particle interactions showing time along the horizontal axis and space along the vertical axis. The axis may be reversed, however not in this syllabus.
The abstract coordinate system that defines the location of the observer.
Equal to the number of waves that move past a given point in one second.
One of four forces that act between bodies of matter and that are mediated by one or more particles.
Carrier or exchange particles that govern particle interaction and the mediation of the four fundamental forces; there are four gauge bosons in the Standard Model: the gluon, photon, Z boson, and W boson.
Any frame of reference with respect to which the acceleration of the object of observation remains zero.
An observer at rest relative to a moving object would observe the moving object to be shorter along the dimension of motion.
Particles that are governed by the weak nuclear force and, since they have charge, are also influenced by electromagnetism; there are six leptons in the Standard Model: electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau, and tau neutrino.
A conserved quantum number defined by L=n_l - n_l̅ where n_l is the number of leptons and n_l̅ is the number of antileptons.
A region of space near a magnet, electric current, or moving electrically charged particle in which a magnetic force acts on any other magnet, electric current, or moving electrically charged particle.
∆E = ∆mc²
Subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark.
Events that are not artificial and can be observed through the senses or can be scientifically described or explained.
A quantum of all forms of electromagnetic radiation; a gauge boson responsible for mediating the electromagnetic force.
A fundamental constant used to describe the sizes of quanta in quantum mechanics.
The first postulate states that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference; the second postulate states that the speed of light in a vacuum has the same value c in all inertial frames of reference.
The length measured in the frame of reference in which the object is at rest.
The time interval measured in the frame of reference in which the object is at rest.
Subatomic particles governed by the strong nuclear force that constitute hadrons; there are six quarks in the Standard Model: the up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom quark.
The length measured in the frame of reference in which the object is in motion.
The momentum of an object when measured in the frame of reference in which the object is in motion.
The time interval measured in the frame of reference in which the object is in motion.
The mass of an object when measured in the same reference frame as the observer.
The relation between two events assumed to happen at the same time in a frame of reference.
One of the four fundamental forces; the strong nuclear force acts over small distances in the nucleus to hold the nucleons together against the repulsive electrostatic forces exerted between the protons; the strong nuclear force is mediated by gluons.
The minimum frequency of a photon that can eject an electron from a surface.
The difference of elapsed time between two events as measured by observers moving relative to each other.
Uses the characteristics of waves such as wavelength, frequency, and amplitude to describe the behavior of light.